Articles in Peer-Review Journals and Published Books
on the Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS ),
Richard A. Gardner, M.D.


This document last updated on 05/23/03
177 items (total)

SECTION 1

The following articles of mine on the PAS have been published or accepted for publication in peer-review journals. (21 items)

    1. Gardner, R. A. (1985), Recent trends in divorce and custody litigation. The Academy Forum, 29(2)3-7. New York: The American Academy of Psychoanalysis.
    2. Gardner, R. A. (1987), Child Custody. In Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry, ed. J.Noshpitz, Vol. V, pp. 637- 646. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
    3. Gardner, R. A. (1987), Judges interviewing children in custody/visitation litigation. New Jersey Family Lawyer, 7(2):26ff.
    4. Gardner, R. A. (1991), Legal and psychotherapeutic approaches to the three types of parental alienation syndrome families: when psychiatry and the law join forces. Court Review, 28(l):14-21.
    5. Gardner, R. A. (1994), The Detrimental Effects on Women of the Misguided Gender Egalitarianism of Child-Custody Dispute Resolution Guidelines. The Academy Forum. 38 (1/2): 10-13. New York: The American Academy of Psychoanalysis.
    6. Gardner, R. A. (1997), Recommendations for Dealing with Parents Who Induce a Parental Alienation Syndrome in Their Children. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 8(3):174-178.
    7. Gardner, R. A. (1998), Recommendations for Dealing with Parents Who Induce a Parental Alienation Syndrome in Their Children . Journal of Divorce & Remarriage , 28 (3/4):1-23.
    8. Gardner, R. A. (1999), Differentiating between the parental alienation syndrome and bona fide abuse/neglect . American Journal of Family Therapy, 27(2):97-107.
    9. Gardner, R.A.(1999), Family Therapy of the Moderate Type of parental Alienation Syndrome . The American Journal  of Family Therapy, 27(3):195-212.
    10. Gardner, R.A.(1999), Guidelines for Assessing Parental Preference in Child-Custody Disputes . Journal of Divorce & Remarriage , 30(1/2):1-9.
    11. Gardner, R.A.(2001), The Parental Alienation Syndrome: Sixteen Years Later. The Academy Forum. New York: The American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 45(1):10-12.
    12. Gardner, R.A.(2001), Should Courts Order PAS Children to Visit/Reside with the Alienated Parent? A Follow-up Study. American Journal of Forensic Psychology. 19(3):61-106. < Abstract and Article Excerpts >
      1. Gardner, R.A. (2002), Sollten Gerichte anordnen, daß an PAS leindende Kinder den antfremdeten Elternteil besuchen bzw. bei ihm wohnen? In: Das elterliche Entfremdungssyndrom. Anregungen für gerichtliche Sorge- und Umgangsregelungen. Berlin: Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung, pp.23-95.
    13. Gardner, R.A. (2002), The Empowerment of Children in the Development of the Parental Alienation Syndrome . The American Journal of Forensic Psychology , 20(2):5-29
    14. Gardner, R.A. (2002), Parental Alienation Syndrome vs. Parental Alienation: Which Diagnosis Should Evaluators Use in Child-Custody Litigation? The American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(2):101-123. 
    15. Gardner, R.A. (2002), Denial of the Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) Also Harms Women . The American Journal  of  Family Therapy, 30(3):191-202.
    16. Gardner, R.A. (2002), Does DSM-IV Have Equivalents for the Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) Diagnosis? American Journal of Family Therapy , 31(1):1-21.
    17. Gardner, R.A. (2003), The Judiciary's Role in the Etiology, Symptom Development, and Treatment of The Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) . American Journal of of Forensic Psychology, 21(1):39-64.
    18. Gardner, R.A. (2003), The Parental Alienation Syndrome: Past, Present, and Future. In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challenge for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 89-125. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    19. Gardner, R.A. (2003), How Denying and Discrediting the Parental Alienation Syndrome Harms Women., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 121-142. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    20. Gardner R.A. (2003), The Relationship Between the Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) and the False Memory Syndrome (FMS). (in press)
    21. Gardner, R.A. (2003), The Three Levels of Parental Alienation Syndrome Alienators. (in press)
    22. Gardner. R.A. (2004), The Parental Alienation Syndrome and the Corruptive Power of Anger. (in press)

SECTION 2

In addition, the following articles are devoted completely to the PAS. I am not referring here to occasional reference, or even emphasis, but rather such focus that the term is most often utilized in the title.  (99 items)

    1. Palmer, N.R. (1988), Legal Recognition of the Parental Alienation Syndrome. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 16(4):361-363.
    2. Byrne, K. (1989), Brainwashing in Custody Cases: The Parental Alienation Syndrome .  Australian Family Lawyer , 4(3):1-4.
    3. Goldwater, A. (1991). Le Syndrome D'aliénation Parentale (in English). In Développements récents en droight familial (pp. 121-145). Cowansville, Quebec: Les Editions Yvon Blais.
    4. Clawar, S. S. and Riviin, B. V. (1991), Children Held Hostage: Dealing with Programmed and Brainwashed Children. Chicago, Illinois: American Bar Association.
    5. Cartwright, G.F. (1993). Expanding the Parameters of Parental Alienation Syndrome . The American Journal of Family Therapy, 21(3):205-215.
    6. Dunne, J. and Hedrick, (1994), The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Analysis of Sixteen Selected Cases . Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 21(3/4):21-38.
    7. Price, J. and Pioske, K, (1994), Parental Alienation Syndrome: A Developmental Analysis of a Vulnerable Population . Journal of Psychosocial Nursing , 32(11):9-12.
    8. Lund, M. (1995), A Therapist's View of Parental Alienation Syndrome . Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 33(3):308-316.
    9. Cooke, L. (1995), Parental Alienation Syndrome: A "Hidden" Facet of Custody Disputes , First Place: Canadian Bar Association 1995 Lieff Award.
    10. Bergman, Z.B. and Weitzman, E. (1995) Parental Kidnapping and Parental Alienation Syndrome. Sichot (Hebrew) 9(2): 115-130.
    11. Waldron, K.H. and Joanis, D.E. (1996), Understanding and Collaboratively Treating Parental Alienation Syndrome , Journal of Family Law , 10:121-133.
    12. Garber, B.D. (1996), Alternatives to Parental Alienation Syndrome: Acknowledging the Broader Scope of Children's Emotional Difficulties During Parental Separation and Divorce. New Hampshire Bar Journal , March 1996:51-54.
    13. Klenner, W.  (1996). Rituale der Umangsvereitalung bei getrennt lebenden oder geschiedenen Eltern, FamRZ Heft 24, page 1529-1535.
    14. Walsh, M. R. and Bone, J. M. (1997), Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Age-old Custody Problem . The Florida Bar Journal, LXXI(6):93-96.
    15. Rand, D.C. (1997a), The Spectrum of Parental Alienation Syndrome (part I) . American Journal of Forensic Psychology. 15(3):23-51.
    16. Rand, D.C. (1997b), The Spectrum of Parental Alienation Syndrome (part II) . American Journal of Forensic Psychology. 15(4):39-92.
    17. Turkat, I.D. (1997), Management of Visitation Interference .The Judges Journal 36:2:17-47.
    18. Borris, E.B. (1997), Interference with Parental Rights of Noncustodial parent as Grounds for Modification of Child Custody , Divorce Litigation, January 1997, p. 1-13.
    19. Willbourne, C. and Cull, L. (1997), The Emerging Problem of Parental Alienation . Family Law (British Publication) December, 1997, p. 807-808.
    20. Levita Z. et al (1997) Contact Refusal: Parent-Child Conflict in Separation and Divorce Sichot, (Hebrew) 11(2).
    21. Gordon, R. M. (1998), The medea complex and the parental alienation syndrome: when mothers damage their daughters' ability to love a man.  In The Mother-Daughter Relationship: Echoes Through Time , ed. G. G. Fenchel, pp. 207-225.  Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson, Inc.
    22. Kodjoe, von U.O. and Koeppel, P. (1998), The Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS). Der Amtsvormund, Heidelberg, Germany. January 1998, pp. 9-26. and 135-140.
    23. von Leitner, W. and Schoeler, R. (1998), Maßnahmen und Empfehlungen für das Umgangsverfahren im Blickfeld einer Differentialdiagnose bei Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) unterschiedlicher Ausprägung in Anlehnung an Gardner (1992/1997), (translation: Measurement and Reccommendations for Access Proceedings in accordance with the Differential Diagnosis in different degrees of PAS according to Gardner {1992/1997}). Der Amtsvormund , Heidelberg, Germany. November/December, 1998,  pp. 849-868.
    24. Kodjoe, U. (1998). Ein Fall von PAS, KindPrax , 6/1998, pp. 172-174.
    25. Kodjoe, U. & Koeppel, P. (1998). Fruherkennung von PAS - Möglichkeiten psychologischer und rechtlicher Interventionen, KindPrax., 5/98, pages 138-144.
    26. Fischer, W. (1998). Das Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) und die Interessenvertretung des Kindes - Ein Interventionsmodell für Jugendhilfe und Gericht - Teil 1, Nachrichten Dienst-des Deutschen Veriens für öffentliche und private Fürsorge, Heft 10/98, pages 306-309.
    27. Fischer, W. (1998). Das Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) und die Interessenvertretung des Kindes - Ein Interventionsmodell für Jugendhilfe und Gericht - Teil 2, Nachrichten Dienst-des Deutschen Veriens für öffentliche und private Fürsorge, Heft 11/98, pages 343-348.
    28. Maidment, S. (1998), Parental Alienation Syndrome-A Judicial Response? Family Law, May 1998, pp. 264-266. (U.K.)
    29. Kopetski, L. (1998), Identifying Cases of Parental Alienation Syndrome-Part I . The Colorado Lawyer , 27(2):65-68.
    30. Kopetski, L. (1998), Identifying Cases of Parental Alienation Syndrome-Part II . The Colorado Lawyer , 27(3):61-64.
    31. Lowenstein, L. F. (1998), Parent Alienation Syndrome: a two-step approach toward a solution .  Contemporary Family Therapy , 20(4): 505-520.
    32. Lowenstein, L. F. (1998), Parent Alienation Syndrome: a two-step approach toward a solution.  In Paedophilia: The Sexual Abuse of Children. ed L.F. Lowenstein, Great Britain: Able Publishing.
    33. Salzgeber, J. and Stadler, M. (1998), Beziehung kontra Erziehung. Kritische Anmerkungen zur aktuellen Rezeption von PAS. KindPrax 6/98, pp. 167-171.
    34. Siegel, J. C. and Langford, J. S. (1998),  MMPI-2 Validity Scales and Suspected Parental Alienation Syndrome .  American Journal of Forensic Psychology , 16(4): 5-14.
    35. Lowenstein, L. F. (1998), Parental Alienation Syndrome: What the Legal Profession Should Know. Medico-Legal Journal 66(4):151-161.
    36. Zander, J., Theunissen, W. and van Aliena (1999), Het Ouderverstotingssyndroom in de Nederlandse (The Parental Alienation Syndrome in the Netherlands). Servo Assen.
    37. Lowenstein, L. F. (1999), Parental Alienation Syndrome .  Justice of the Peace (U.K.), 163(3):446-450.
    38. Stadler, M. and Salzgeber, J. (1999), Parental Alienation Syndrom (PAS)-alter Wein in Neuen Schläuchen? FPR 4/99, pp 231-235.
    39. Bakalar, E. (1998), Das Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) in der Tschechischen Republic; Zentralblatt für Jugendrecht (Zfj Jhg. 85, Nr. 6/98, S. 268).
    40. Leitner, W. G. (1999),  Intervention-guided single case-help and parental alienation syndrome (PAS) : differential diagnosis and treatment approaches.  In Identity and Self-Esteem: Interactions of Students, Teachers, Family and Society , eds. S. Sebre, M. Rascevska, and S. Miezite, pp. 253-260.  Riga: SIA, "Macibu Apgadj NT"
    41. Boch-Galhau, W.V., (1999) Das Parental Alienation Syndrom, Das Wohl und die Interessenvertretung des Kindes. Vortrag beim Interessenverband Unterhalt und Familienrecht (ISV/VDU) am 26. März 1999 in Würzburg; ISUV Report Nr. 80 (1999)4-5 und Nr. 81:6-8.
    42. Lowenstein, L.F. (1999), Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS). Justice of the Peace, 163 (Jan 16):47-50.
    43. Bone, J.M. and Walsh, M.R. (1999). Parental Alienation Syndrome: How to Detect It and What to Do About it . The Florida Bar Journal , 73(3):44-48.
    44. Lamontagne, P. (1999), Syndrôme d’Aliénation Parentale: Contexte et Pièges de l’Intervention. In : Gyseghem, H. van (1999) Us et Abus de la mise en mots en matière d’abus sexuel, Montréal, Méridien, pp. 177 – 200.
    45. Major, J.A. (1999), Parents Who Have Successfully Fought Parental Alienation Syndrome . Aspen Family Law Journal . (in press).
    46. Vestal, A. (1999), Mediation and Parental Alienation Syndrome . Family and Conciliation Courts Review , 37(4): 487-503.
    47. Warshak, R.A. (1999), Psychological Syndromes:Parental Alienation Syndrome. Expert Witness Manual, Chapter 3-32. Dallas, TX: State Bar of Texas, Family Law Section.
    48. Salzgeber, J., Stadler, M., Schmidt, S.M., Partale, C.,(1999), Umgangsprobleme-Ursachen des Kontaktabbruchs durch das Kind jenseits des Parental Alienation Syndrome; Kind-Prax 4/99, S. 107-111.
    49. Warshak, R.A. (2000), Remarriage as a Trigger of Parental Alienation Syndrome ," American Journal of Family Therapy , 28: 229-241.
    50. Brandes, J.R. (2000), Parental Alienation. New York Law Journal, March 26, 2000, pp. 3 ff.
    51. Kodjoe, U (2000), Auswirkungen des Vater-Kind-Kontaktverlustes: der immaterielle Schaden aus psychologischer Sicht Anmerkungen zur Elsholz-Entscheidung des Europ. Gerichtschofs für Menschenrechte. Der Amtsvormund 8/2000, pp. 641-643.
    52. Weidenbach, J.(2000), Dein Papa is ganz böse. Psychologie Heute 2/2000, pp 40-45.
    53. Jopt, U. J./Behrend, K. (2000) Das Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) – Ein Zwei-Phasen-Modell, Zentralblatt für Jugendrecht (ZfJ) 87 (6) 2000, S. 223 – 231, ZfJ 87 (7) 2000, S. 258 - 271.
    54. Ellis, E.M. (2000), Parental Alienation Syndrome: A new challenge for family courts. In E. M. Ellis (Ed.), Divorce wars : Interventions with families in conflict (pp.205-234). Washington DC: APA Books.
    55. Schröder, U. (2000): Umgangsrecht und falsch verstandenes Wohlverhaltensgebot Auswirkungen auf Trennungskinder und Entstehen des so genannten PA-Syndroms (English Translation: Visitation rights and missunderstanding of the rule to cooperate Effects on children of divorce and the development of the
      PA-syndrome) Zeitschrift für das gesamte Familienrecht (FamRZ) 47 (10): 592 596.
    56. Von Boch-Galhau, W., (2001), Trennung und Scheidung im Hinblick auf die Kinder und die Auswirkungen auf das Erwachsenleben, unter besonderer Berüucksichtigung des Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS). In: Eltern sägen ihr Kind entzwei: Trennungserfahrungen und Entfremdung von einem Elternteil. Ed. S. Bäuerle and H. Moll-Strobel, Donauwörth, Germany: Auer Verlag. pp. 37-64.
    57. Kodjoe, U. (2001), Die feindselige Ablehnung eines Elternteils durch sein Kind (psychologischer Aspekt). In: Eltern sägen ihr Kind entzwei: Trennungserfahrungen und Entfremdung von einem Elternteil. Ed. S. Bäuerle and H. Moll-Strobel, Donauwörth, Germany: Auer Verlag. pp. 26-36.
    58. Koeppel, P. (2001), PAS und das deutsche Kindschaftsrecht (juristischer Aspekt). In: Eltern sägen ihr Kind entzwei: Trennungserfahrungen und Entfremdung von einem Elternteil. Ed. S. Bäuerle and H. Moll-Strobel, Donauwörth, Germany: Auer Verlag. pp. 65-78.
    59. Moll-Strobel, H. (2001), Die Bedeutung von Mutter, Vater und Geschwistern für das heranwaschsende Kind und das Triangulierungskonzept. In: Eltern sägen ihr Kind entzwei: Trennungserfahrungen und Entfremdung von einem Elternteil. Ed. S. Bäuerle and H. Moll-Strobel, Donauwörth, Germany: Auer Verlag. pp. 108-115.
    60. Moll-Strobel, H. (2001), Pädagogische Handlungsperspektiven und schulische sowie unterrichtliche Interventionsmöglichkeiten. In: Eltern sägen ihr Kind entzwei: Trennungserfahrungen und Entfremdung von einem Elternteil. Ed. S. Bäuerle and H. Moll-Strobel, Donauwörth, Germany: Auer Verlag. pp. 116-124.
    61. Warshak, R.A. (2001), Current Controversies Regarding Parental Alienation Syndrome. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 19(3):29-59.
    62. Fischer, W.(2001), Funktion des Verhfahrenspflegers bei Umgangsstreitigkeiten (sozial pädagogischer und mediatorischer Aspekt). In: Eltern sägen ihr Kind entzwei: Trennungserfahrungen und Entfremdung von einem Elternteil. Ed. S. Bäuerle and H. Moll-Strobel, Donauwörth, Germany: Auer Verlag. pp. 79-95.
    63. Vassiliou, D. and Cartwright, G.F. (2001), The Lost Parent's Perspective on Parental Alienation Syndrome. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 29(3): 181-191.
    64. Berns, S. (2001), Parents Behaving Badly: Parental Alienation Syndrome in the Family Court Magic Bullet or Poisoned Chalice? Australian Journal of Family Law. 15(3): 191-214.
    65. Fegert, J.M., (2001), Parental Alienation oder Parental Accusation Syndrome? Die Frage der Suggestibilität, Beeinflussung und Induktion in Umgangsrechsgutachten. KindPrax 1/2001, pp. 3-7.
    66. Burrill-O'Donnell, J. (2001), Parental Alienation Syndrome in Court Referred Custody Cases. Dissertation.(www.dissertation.com/library/1121490a.htm)
    67. Binckli, J. (2001), Trennung von Kindern und Geschwistern (soziologischer und politischer Aspekt)-Eine Fallgeschichte. In: Eltern sägen ihr Kind entzwei: Trennungserfahrungen und Entfremdung von einem Elternteil. Ed. S. Bäuerle and H. Moll-Strobel, Donauwörth, Germany: Auer Verlag. pp. 96-107.
    68. Suren, A.: Das Parental Alienation Syndrom (PAS) Belastungsreaktionen und Bewältigungsstrategien betroffener Mütter [english translation: The Parental Alienation Syndrome(PAS): Stress Reactions and Coping Strategies of Afflicted Mothers] (Diplomarbeit an der Fakultät für Psychologie und Sportwissenschaften, Abteilung für Psychologie der Universität Bielefeld, Germany, Nov. 2001)
    69. Warshak, R.A. (2002), Misdiagnosis of Parental Alienation Syndrome. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 20(1):31-52.
    70. Spangenberg, B and Spangenberg, E. (2002), Induszerte Umgangsverweigerung (PAS) Und Richterliche Kreativität. Familie, Partnerschaft Und Recht (FPR) 6 (2002): 256-257.
    71. Andritzky, W. (2002) Zur Problematik kinderärztlicher Atteste bei Umgangs- und Sorgerechtsstreitigkeiten - Mit Ergebnissen einer Befragung. Befragung Der Kinder- und Jugendarzt 33 (11): 885-889 and 33 (12): 984-990.
    72. Sobal, B. (2002) Article 13(b) of the Hague Convention Treaty: Does It Create a Loophole for Parental Alienation Syndrome--An Insidious Abduction? The International Lawyer, Fall 2001, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 997-1025.
    73. Hobbs, T. (2002) 'Parental Alienation Syndrome & UK Family Courts, The Dilemna, Pt. 1, Family Law 32:182-189.
    74. Hobbs, T. (2002) 'Parental Alienation Syndrome & UK Family Courts, The Dilemna Pt. 2, Family Law 32:381-387.
    75. Klenner, W. (2002) Szenarien der Entfremdung im elterlichen Trennungsprozess-Entwurf eines Handlungskonzepts von Prävention und Intervention, Jugendamt 89(2):48-57.
    76. Krause, M. (2002) PAS und seine Geschwister - Strukturell-systemische Überlegungen zur Gefährdung des Kindwohls durch sechs verschiedene Muster pathologischer Trennungsbewältigung, Zentralblatt für Jugendrecht (ZfJ) 75(1):2-6.
    77. Birchler-Hoop, U.: Elternentfremdung; in: Und Kinder, 21 (69) 2002: 37-52.
    78. Boch-Galhau, W.V. (2002), Le PAS: Impacts de la Séparation et du Divorce sur les Enfants et sur Leur Vie D'adulte, Synapse: Journal de Psychiatrie et Système Nerveux Central, No. 188, Septembre 2002.
    79. Andritzky, W. (2002), Verhaltensmuster und Persönlichkeitsstruktur entfremdender Eltern: Psychosoziale Diagnostik und Orientierungskriterien für Interventionen. (english title: Behavioral Patterns and Personality Structure of Alienating Parents: Psychosocial and Diagnostic Criteria for Intervention) Psychotherapie in Psychiatrie , Psychotherapeutischer medizin und Klnischer Psychologie 7 (4): 166-182.
    80. Jopt, U. J./Zütphen, J.(2002) Elterliche PASsivität nach Trennung – Zur Bedeutung des betreuenden Elternteils für die PAS-Genese, in: Fabian, T., Jacobs, Nowara S., Rode, I. (Hrsg.); Qualitätssicherung in der Rechtspsychologie, Münster, 2002.
    81. Rybicki, D. (2003), Parental Alienation Syndrome. In: Childhood Disorders Diagnostic Desk Reference. Ed. E. Fletcher-Janzen and C.R. Reynolds, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    82. Camps, A. (2003), Psychiatrische und psychosomatische Konsequenzen für PAS-Kinder (english title: Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Consequences for PAS-Children) In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 143-156. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    83. von Boch, W. (2003), Folgen der PAS-Indoktrinierung für betroffene erwachsene Scheidungskinder (english title: Consequences of PAS-Indoctrination for Children of Divorce as Adults) In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 157-162. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    84. Kodjoe, U. (2003), Die Auswirkungen von Entfremdung und Kontaktabbruch auf betroffene Eltern (english title: Consequences of Alienation and Interruption of Contact for Alienated Parents) In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce. eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 163-166. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    85. von Boch, W. and Kodjoe, U. (2003), Zwei Fallvorstellungen: Interviews mit einem entfremdeten erwachsenen Scheidungskind und einer entfremdeten Mutter (english title: Two Case Demonstrations: Interviews with an Alienated Child of Divorce as Adult and an Alienated Mother) In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 167-174. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    86. Finkelstein, C. (2003), The Heart of an Abducted and Alienated Child In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 175-179. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    87. Warshak, R. (2003), Current Controversies Regarding the Parental Alienation Syndrome In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 207-234. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    88. Sjögren, L.H. (2003), Einen Elternteil gefährlich machen  PAS in Schweden und Norwegen (english title: Making a Parent Dangerous PAS in Sweden and Norway) In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 235-248. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    89. Andritsky, W. (2003), Entfremdungsstrategien im Sorgerechts- und Umgangsstreit: Zur Rolle von (kinder)ärztlichen und -psychiatrischen Attesten  (english title: Alienation strategies in custody and visitation litigations: The role of pediatrician s, physician s and psychiatrist s certificates) In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 249-282. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    90. Andritsky, W. (2003), Verhaltensmuster und Persönlichkeitsstruktur entfremdender Eltern: Psychosoziale Diagnostik und Orientierungskriterien für Interventionen (english title: Alienating Parents: Psychosocial Diagnostics and Orientation Criteria for Intervention) In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 283-314. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    91. Fischer, W. (2003), Möglichkeiten von Verfahrenspflegern in der Arbeit mit PAS-Fällen  Grundsätzliche Aspekte (english title: Working Strategies with PAS Cases for Guardians Ad Litem Fundamental Aspects) In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 315-322. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    92. Strohe, J. (2003), Möglichkeiten von Verfahrenspflegern in der Arbeit mit PAS-Fällen  Eine Fallgeschichte (english title: Working Strategies with PAS Cases for Guardians Ad Litem A Case History) In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 323-332. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    93. Knappert, C. (2003), Frühe Interventionsstrategien als Möglichkeiten der Jugendamtsmitarbeiter in der Arbeit mit PAS-Fällen (english title: Possible Early Intervention Strategies Implemented by Social Institutions Dealing with PAS Cases) In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 333-342. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    94. Blank, M. (2003), Anmerkungen zur Persönlichkeitsstruktur des betreuenden Elternteils als mögliche zentrale Ursache für die Entstehung eines elterlichen Entfremdungssyndroms (english title: Remarks on the Personality Structure of the Caring Parent as a Possible Central Cause for the Development of a Parental Alienation Syndrome) In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 243-252. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    95. Stuart-Mills-Hoch, P. and Hoch, R. (2003), Successful Reintegration of Severely Alienated Children and Their Parents In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 253-266. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    96. Finkelstein, C. (2003), PAS Perspectives: An Adult, Parentally Abducted and Alienated as a Child, Reflects on Current PAS Treatment Modules In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 267-372. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    97. Barden, R. C. (2003), Building Multi-Disciplinary Legal-Scientific Teams in PAS and Child Custody Cases In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 373-382. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.
    98. Dum, C.T. (2003), Begutachtete Aufsätze in Fachzeitschriften und das Parental Alienation Syndrom (english title: Peer-Reviewed Articles in Professional Journals Dealing with the Parental Alienation Syndrome) In The Parental Alienation Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challange for Professionals Involved in Divorce., eds. W. von Boch-Gallhau, U. Kodjoe, W Andritsky, and P. Koeppel, pp. 383-390. Berlin, Germany: VWB-Verlag für Wissenshaft and Bildung.

 

SECTION 3

In addition, there are many publications that focus significantly on the PAS. I am not referring here
to an occasional reference but to specific focus on the PAS even though the PAS name does not
appear in the title. (46 items)

    1. Huntingon, D. S. (1986), The Forgotten Figures in Divorce, and Fatherhood: the Struggle for Parental Identity. Ed. Jacobs, J.W.Washington, D.C.: The American Psychiatric Association Press
    2. Lampel, A. (1986), Post-divorce therapy with high conflict families . The Independent Practioner, Bulletin of the Division of Psychologists in Independent Practice, Division 42 of the American Psychological Association, 6(3):22-6.
    3. Jacobs, J. W. (1988), Euripidies' Medea: a psychodynamic model of severe divorce pathology. American Journal of Psychotherapy, XLII(2):308-319.
    4. Johnston, J. R. and Campbell, L. E. (1988), Impasses of Divorce: The Dynamics and Resolution of Family Conflict. New York: The Free Press.
    5. Blush, G. J. and Ross, K. L. (1990), Investigation and case management issues and strategies. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations. 2(3): 152-160.
    6. Wakefield, H. and Underwager, R. (1990), Personality characteristics of parents making false accusations of sexual abuse in custody disputes. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 2(3):121-136.
    7. Ross, K.L. and Blush, G.J. (1990), Sexual Abuse validity discriminators in the divorced or divorcing family. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations , 2(1):1-6.
    8. Theonnes, N. and Tjaden, P.G. (1990), The extent, nature, and validity of sexual abuse allegations in custody visitation disputes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 12:151-163.
    9. The California Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Law: Issues and Answers for Health Practitioners. State of California, 1991.
    10. Wakefield, H  and Underwager, R. (1991), Sexual abuse allegations in divorce and custody disputes. Behavioral Sciences and the Law,9:451-468.
    11. Patterson, D. (1991-92), The other victim: the falsely accused parent in a sexual abuse and custody case. Journal of Family Law, 30:919-941.
    12. Maccoby, E. E. and Mnookin, R. H. (1992), Dividing the Child: Social and Legal Dilemmas of Custody. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    13. Rogers, M. (1992), Delusional disorder and the evolution of mistaken sexual allegations in child custody cases. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 10(l):47-69.
    14. Ceci, S. J  and Bruck, M. (1993), Suggestibility of the child witness: a historical review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3):403-439.
    15. Johnston, J. R. (1993), Children of Divorce Who Refuse Visitation. In Nonresidential Parenting: New Vistas in Family Living, ed. Depner, C. E. and Bray, J.H. London: Sage Publications.
    16. Rand, D. C. (1993), Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a complex type of emotional abuse responsible for some false allegations of child abuse in divorce. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 5(3)135-55.
    17. Johnston, J.R. and Campbell, L. E. (1993), Parent-Child Relationships in Domestic Violence Families Disputing Custody. Family & Conciliation Courts Review,31(3):2S2-298.
    18. Ackerman, M.J. and Kane, A.W. (1993), Psychological Experts in Divorce, Personal Injury, and Other Civil Actions, Second Edition Vol. 1, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. §4.31 Parental Alienation Syndrome, pp142-147.
    19. Holstein-Sanders, C. (1993), When You Suspect the Worst. Family Advocate, Winter 1993:54-56.
    20. Byrne, K and Maloney, L. (1993),  Intractable Access: Is There a Cure? Australian Family Lawyer 8(4):22-27.
    21. Sanders, C. H. (1993), When You Suspect the Worst: Bad-Faith Relocation, Fabricated Child Sexual Abuse and Parental Alienation. Family Advocate, winter:54-56.
    22. Ward, P. and Harvey, J. C. (1993), Family Wars: The Alienation of Children. New Hampshire Bar Journal,. March:30.
      1. Ward P. and Harvey, J.C., Familienkriege, die Entfremdung von Kindern. ZfJ Jhg. 85, Nr. 6/98, pp 237-245 (aus dem Amerikanischen übersetzt von C.T. Dum mit Vorbemerkungen von W. Klenner).
    23. Garrity, C.B. and Baris, M.A. (1994), Caught in the Middle: Protecting the Children of High-Conflict Divorce. New York: Lexington Books (an Imprint of Macmillan, Inc.).
    24. Guidelines for Child Custody Evaluations in Divorce Proceeding (1994). American Psychologist, 49(7)677-680.
    25. Hysjulien, C  Wood, B., and Benjamin, G.A.H. (1994), Child Custody Evaluations: A Review of Methods Used in Litigation and Alternative Dispute Resolution. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 32(4):466-489.
    26. Feinberg, J. M. and Loeb, L. S. (1994),  Custody and visitation interference: alternative remedies .  American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers Journal, 12(2):271-284.
    27. Feinberg, J. M. and Loeb, L.S. (1994), Custody and Visitation Interference: Alternative Remedies. American Academy of matrimonial Lawyers , 12(2):271-284.
    28. Turkat, I.D. (1994). Child Visitation Interference in Divorce . Clinical Psychology Review, 14(8):737-742.
    29. Ackerman, M.J. (1995), Clinician's Guide to Child Custody Evaluations. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.
    30. Bricklin, B. (1995), The Custody Evaluation Handbook: Research-Based Solutions and Applications. Brunner-Mazel, Inc. Bristol, PA.
    31. Ehrenberg, M. F. and Eiterman, M.F. (1995), Evaluating Allegations of Sexual Abuse in the Context of Divorce, Child Custody and Access Disputes. In True and False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse: Assessment and Case Management. ed. Ncy, T. New York: Brunner/Mazel Publishers.
    32. Klenner, W., (1995), Rituale der Umgangsvereitelung bei Getrenntlebenden oder Geschiedenen Eltern. FamRZ, Jhg. 42, Heft 24, 15. Dez 1995, S. 1529-1535.
    33. Mapes, B. E. (1995), Child Eyewitness Testimony in Sexual Abuse Investigations. Brandon, Vermont: Clinical Psychology Publishing Co., Inc.
    34. Turkat, 1. D. (1995), Divorce Related Malicious Mother Syndrome . Journal of Family Violence, 10(3):253-264.
    35. Adams, J. K. (1996), Investigation and Interviews in Cases of Alleged Child Sexual Abuse: A Look at the Scientific Evidence. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 8(3/4):120-138.
    36. Jones, M.M. and Sullivan, M. (1996), Dealing with Parental Alienation in High Conflict Custody Cases. Presentation at Conference of the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts, San Antonio, TX.
    37. Lampel, A. (1996), Children's Alignment with Parents in Highly Conflicted Custody Cases . Family and Conciliation Courts Review , 34(2):229-239.
    38. Turkat, I.D. (1996), Relocation as a Strategy to Interfere with the Child-Parent Relationship , American Journal of Family Law , (11): 39-41.
    39. Campbell, T.W. (1997), Psychotherapy with Children of Divorce: the Pitfalls of Triangulated Relationships. Psychotherapy 29(4):646-652.
    40. Rooney, S. A.  and Walker, T. F. (1999),  Identification and treatment of alienated children in high-conflict divorce. In Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book, Vol. 17, eds VandeCreek, L. and Jackson, T. L. et al., pp. 331-341.  Sarasota, Florida: Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange, Inc.
    41. Stahl, P. M. (1999), Alienation and alignment of children .  The California Psychologist , XXXII(3):23-29.
    42. Stahl, P. M. (1999), Complex Issues in Child Custody Evaluations .  Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
    43. Lowenstein, L.F. (1999), Parental Alienation and the Judiciary , Medico-Legal Joiurnal, 67(3):121-123.
    44. Koeppel, P. (2000), Zur Bedeutung der Elscholz-Entscheidung  für die Fortentwicklung des deutchen Kindschaftrechts, Der Amtsvormund , 8/2000, pp 639-641.
    45. Büte, D. (2001), Das Umgangsrecht bei Kindern Geschiedner Oder Getrennt Lebender Eltern : Ausgestaltung - Verfahren - Vollstreckung. Bielefeld, Germany: Erich Schmidt Verlag.
    46. Bow, J.N., Quinell, F.A., Zaroff, M. and Assemony, A. (2002) Assessment of Sexual Abuse Allegations in Child Custody Cases. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(6):566-575.

SECTION 4 Book Reviews

In addition, reviews of my books on the parental alienation syndrome have appeared in the following peer-reviewed journals: (11 items)  

    1. Krivacska, J. J. (1989), The Parental Alienation Syndrome and the Differentiation Between Fabricated and Genuine Child Sex Abuse. Book Review. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 1(1):55-56.
    2. Levy, D. (1992), The Parental Alienation Syndrome: A Guide for Mental Health and Legal Professionals. Book Review. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 20(3):276-277.
    3. Underwager, R. (1992), The Parental Alienation Syndrome: A Guide for Mental Health and Legal Professionals. Book Review. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 4(2):108-109.
    4. Levy, D. (1992), Review of Parental Alienation Syndrome: A Guide for Mental Health and Legal Professionals. American Journal of Family Therapy, 20(3):276-277.
    5. Etemad, J. (1999), The Parental Alienation Syndrome, Second Edition. Book Review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,38 (2): 223-225.
    6. Underwager, R. (1998), The Parental Alienation Syndrome: Second Edition.. Book Review. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 10:178.
    7. Reischer, H. (1999), The Parental Alienation Syndrome: A Guide for Mental Health and Legal Professionals.  Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law , 27(3): 504-506.
    8. Utesch, W. (1999), The Parental Alienation Syndrome, Second Edition. Book Review. The American Journal of Family Therapy,(in press).
    9. Turkel, A. (2001) Therapeutic Interventions for Children with Parental Alienation Syndrome Book Review. News for Women in Psychiatry , 19(4):17.
    10. Deming, J. (2001) Therapeutic Inteventions for Children with Parental Alienation Syndrome. Book Review. American Journal of Psychiatry and the Law, 29(4):505.
    11. Meister, R. (2001) Therapeutic Inteventions for Children with Parental Alienation Syndrome. Book Review. American Journal of Family Therapy , 31(4):351-354.

SECTION 5 Frye and Mohan Rulings

The Frye Test is the standard by which a court can determine whether a scientific contribution has gained enough general acceptance in the scientific community to be admissable in a court of law. The Frye Test criteria for admissability was applied to The Parental Alienation Syndrome in the following cases:

In Canada, the Mohan Test is applied to assess admissablity. It is more stringent than the Frye Test in that it employs more criteria than Frye. The Mohan Test was applied to the Parental Alienation Syndrome in the following case(s):

 

SECTION 6 Additional Publications Not Referenced Above

The American Psychological Association has published guidelines* for child-custody evaluations in divorce proceedings. These are the guidelines The American Psychological Association proposes examiners use when conducting such examinations. The guidelines refer to three books of mine, one completely devoted to the PAS and two that make significant reference to the disorder.
 
 

* Guidelines for Child Custody Evaluation in Divorce Proceedings. Washington, D.C.: American
Psychological Association (1994).

The Family Law Section of the American Bar Association invited Clawar and Rivlin to write Children Held Hostage: Dealing with Programmed and Brainwashed Children. ** The following book of mine is referenced:  
 
 

** Clawar, S. and Rivlin, B.V. (1991), Children Held Hostage: Dealing with Programmed and Brainwashed Children . Chicago, IL:Division of Family Law, American Bar Association.

The State Bar of Texas, Family Law Section, published in 1999 its Expert Witness Manual. The section: Psychological Syndromes includes a chapter entitled Psychological Syndromes: Parental Alienation Syndrome (Chapter 3-32). The purpose of this chapter is to provide guidelines for mental health and legal professionals who work in courts of law.

The same Bar of Texas published in 2002 its Family Law Course. Chapter 22 is entitled Parental Alienation: Syndrome or Symptom.