Articles in Peer-Review Journals on Dr. Richard A. Gardner's
Protocols for the Sex-Abuse Evaluation
This document last updated on 02/26/03


 
 
 
 

The individual items in each protocol are those that are generally used by most competent professionals who conduct sex-abuse evaluations. Many have significant substantiation in the scientific literature. My protocols, however, are far more extensive than those that are generally used, and no single item has been justifiably criticized as not being specifically useful in differentiating between true and false sex-abuse accusations. Furthermore, in my book. Protocols for the Sex-Abuse Evaluation (Creative Therapeutics, Inc. Cresskill, NJ: 1995), I provide references in the literature that provide scientific support for each the majority of the differentiating indicators. Listed below are peer-reviewed publications that have accepted articles of mine describing my full sex-abuse protocols. (24 items)
 
 

  1. Gardner, R.A. (1987), Judges Interviewing Children Who Allege Sex Abuse. New Jersey Family lawyer, 7(8):153-172.
  2. Gardner, R. A. (1988), Clinical Evaluation of Alleged Sex Abuse. In Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book, ed. P. Keller and S. R. Heyman, Vol. VII, pp. 61-76. Sarasota, Florida: Professional Resource Exchange, Inc.
  3. Gardner, R. A. (1989), Differentiating Between Bona Fide and Fabricated Sex Abuse Allegations in Children. In Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, 5:1- 25.
  4. Gardner, R. A. (1992), Leading Stimuli, Leading Gestures, and Leading Questions. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 4(3):144-155.
  5. Gardner, R. A. (1992), Belated Realization of Child Sex Abuse by an Adult. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 4(4): 177-195.
  6. Gardner, R. A. (1993), The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act for Dealing with Sex Abuse Hysteria in the United States. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 5(1):25-27.
  7. Gardner, R. A. (1993), Medical Findings and Child Sex Abuse. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 5(1)_12-24.
  8. Gardner, R. A. (1993), Sex-Abuse Hysteria: Diagnosis, Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment. Academy Forum (a publication of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis), 37(3):2-5.
  9. Gardner, R. A. (1993), Child Sex Abuse and Hysteria: 1890s (Austria) / 1990s (U.S.) The Bulletin of the American Society of Psychoanalytic Physicians.81(2):1-20.
  10. Gardner, R.A. (1994), Child Sex Abuse: Differentiation Between True and False Sex-Abuse Accusations in Child Custody Disputes: Indicators of Pedophilia for the Accused Father. Forum (A Publication of the California Attorneys for Criminal Justice), 21(3):82-89.
  11. Gardner, R. A. (1994), Differentiating Between True and False Sex-Abuse Accusations in Child-Custody Disputes. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 21(3/4): 1-20.
  12. Gardner, R. A. (1994), Differentiation Between True and False Sex-Abuse Accusations in Child-Custody Disputes: Part I, Indicators of Pedophilia for the Accused Father. Champion (a publication of the National Academy of Defense Lawyers), 18(3):33-40.
  13. Gardner, R. A. (1994), The Sex-Abuse Time-Line Diagrams. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 6(3):156-162.
  14. Gardner, R.A. (1994), Differentiation Between True and False Sex-Abuse Accusations in Child-Custody Disputes: Part II, Indicators of Sex Abuse in the Child. Champion (a publication of the National Academy of Defense Lawyers), 18(9):42-48.
  15. Gardner, R. A. (1994), Differentiating Between True and False Sex-Abuse Accusations in Child-Custody Disputes: Part III, Indicators of a False Accusation in the Accusing Mother. Champion, (a publication of the National Academy of Defense Lawyers), 18(10):32-37.
  16. Gardner, R. A. (1994), Finally! An Instant Cure for Paranoid Schizophrenia: MPD. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations. 6(2):63-72.
  17. Gardner, R. A. (1995), Repression, Dissociation, and Sex-Abuse Accusations. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 7(1):19-29.
  18. Gardner, R.A. (1995), You're Not a Paranoid Schizophrenic —You Only have PTSD. Academy Forum (a publication of The American Academy of Psychoanalysis), 39 (1/2):12-14.
  19. Gardner, R. A. (1995), You're Not a Paranoid Schizophrenic—You Only Have Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD). Academy Forum (a publication of The American Academy of Psychoanalysis), 38(2)11-14.
  20. Gardner, R. A. (1999), Differentiating Between the Parental Alienation Syndrome and Bona Fide Abuse/Neglect. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 27(2):97-107.
  21. Gardner, R. A. (2001), The Normal-Sexual-Fantasy Consideration in Sex-Abuse Evaluations. The American Journal of Family Therapy , 29(2):85-94.
  22. The Relationship Between the Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) and the False Memory Syndrome (FMS). (in press)
  23. Interview Criteria for Assessing Allegations of Sexual Abuse in Children and Adults. (in press).
  24. The Psychodynamics of the Patient with False Memory Syndrome (FMS). (in press)

On November 6, 2002, the US Territorial Court in the Virgin Islands ruled that my Sex Abuse Protocols satisfied Daubert criteria for admissibility.

Government of the Virgin Islands v. Glenn Elskoe, Terrritorial Court of the Virgin Islands, Division of St. Thomas and St. John, CRIM. NO. F249/2001, Violation of 14 V.I.C. § 1708 (4 counts).


In addition, reviews of my books on evaluating sex-abuse accusations have been published in the following peer-review journals: (17 items)
 
 
 
  1. Krivacska, J. J. (1989), The Parental Alienation Syndrome and the Differentiation Between Fabricated and Genuine Child Sex Abuse. Book Review. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 1(1):55-56.
  2. Wakefield, H. (1992), True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse. Book Review. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 4(4):256-257.
  3. Derdeyn, A.P. (1993), True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse. Book Review. The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 21(3):376-377.
  4. Gleason, F.S. (1993), True and False Allegations of Child Sex Abuse. Book Review. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 31(3):380-381.
  5. Krivacska, J. J. (1993), True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse. Book Review. The Academy Forum (A Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis), 37(4):19-20.
  6. Yates, A. (1993), Sex Abuse Hysteria: Salem Witch Trials Revisited, Book Review. Archives of Sexual Behavior , 22(1):73-76.
  7. Schretter, J.D. (1993), True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse. Book Review. Trial Lawyer, Sept. 93:85.
  8. Simon, N. (1994), True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse. Book Review. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 16(1):65-69.
  9. Rand, R. (1995), Protocols for the Sex-Abuse Evaluation. Book Review. Issues in Child-Abuse Accusations, 7(4):253-254.
  10. Underwager, R. (1995), Protocols for the Sex-Abuse Evaluation. Book Review. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 7(1): 71-72.
  11. Wissow, L. S. (1995), Protocols for the Sex-Abuse Evaluation. Book Review. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 23(3):486-487.
  12. Kowallis, G. H. (1996), True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse. Book Review. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 23(3):516-517.
  13. Rand, R. (1996), Protocols for the Sex-Abuse Evaluation. Book Review. The Forum (A Publication of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis), 40(3):19-20.
  14. Rand, R. (1996), Protocols for the Sex-Abuse Evaluation. Book Review. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 24(2):372-374.
  15. Rand, R. and Rand, D. C. (1996), Protocols for the Sex-Abuse Evaluation and Psychotherapy with Sex-Abuse Victims. Book Review. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 14(2): 67-71.
  16. Sugarman, D.A. (2002), Sex Abuse Trauma? Or Trauma from Other Sources?. Book Review. American Journal of Family Therapy , (in press).
  17. Marek, W.E. (2002) Sex Abuse Trauma vs. Trauma from Other Sources. Book Review. American Journal of Forensic Psychology ,
    20(3):79-80.

The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry has published guidelines* for the forensic evaluation of children and adolescents who were allegedly sexually abused. These are the guidelines the academy proposes examiners use when conducting such examinations. The guidelines refer to two books of mine in which I describe the protocols I use for conducting sex-abuse evaluations:(2 items)

It is important to note that the Committee that prepared these guidelines invited me to participate as a consultant.
* Practice Parameters for the Forensic Evaluation of Children and Adolescents Who May Have Been Physically or Sexually Abused. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(10):37S-56S, 1997.

The American Psychological Association has published guidelines ** for child-custody evaluations in divorce proceedings. These are the guidelines The American Psychological Association proposes examiners use when conducting such examinations. The guidelines refer to two books of mine, one on the parental alienation syndrome and one on the protocols I use for differentiating between true and false sex-abuse accusations: (2 items)

** Guidelines for Child Custody Evaluation in Divorce Proceedings. Washington, B.C.: American Psychological Association (1994).

The Family Law Section of the American Bar Association invited Clawar and Rivlin to write Children Held Hostage: Dealing with Programmed and Brainwashed Children .*** The following book of mine is referenced:

***Clawar, S. and Rivlin, B.V. (1988), Children Held Hostage: Dealing with Programmed and Brainwashed Children . Chicago, IL:Division of Family Law, American Bar Association.
 
 


The National Association of Social Workers council on the clinical practice of social work published in June of 1996 a position statement on the "Evaluation and Treatment of Adults with the Possibility of Recovered Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse".**** The following book of mine is referenced:

****National Association of Social Workers (NASW), Office of Policy and Practice. "Evaluation and Treatment of Adults with the Possibility of Recovered Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse." The NASW National Council on the Practice of Clinical Social Work. Washington, DC. (June 1996)